Bridging the Procedural Gap: Arbitration Decisions as a Basis for Collateral Estoppel - Benjamin v. Traffic Executive Association Eastern Railroads

Courts have long used the doctrine of collateral estoppel to preclude relitigation of previously determined issues. The fora for the previous determination is of importance in deciding whether to apply the doctrine. This Note will examine the application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel to arbitration decisions. In deciding the question, the courts\u27 major consideration is the degree of procedural differences between the arbitration proceeding and a judicial proceeding. The more closely an arbitration resembles litigation in the procedural safeguards employed, the more likely that the arbitral decision will be accorded a preclusive effect. Unfortunately, as arbitration proceedings become more like litigation, their effectiveness and desirability decreases

A long way to go - Estimates of combined water, sanitation and hygiene coverage for 25 sub-Saharan African countries.

BACKGROUND: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are essential for a healthy and dignified life. International targets to reduce inadequate WASH coverage were set under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990-2015) and now the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs, 2016-2030). The MDGs called for halving the proportion of the population without access to adequate water and sanitation, whereas the SDGs call for universal access, require the progressive reduction of inequalities, and include hygiene in addition to water and sanitation. Estimating access to complete WASH coverage provides a baseline for monitoring during the SDG period. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has among the lowest rates of WASH coverage globally. METHODS: The most recent available Demographic Household Survey (DHS) or Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data for 25 countries in SSA were analysed to estimate national and regional coverage for combined water and sanitation (a combined MDG indicator for 'improved' access) and combined water with collection time within 30 minutes plus sanitation and hygiene (a combined SDG indicator for 'basic' access). Coverage rates were estimated separately for urban and rural populations and for wealth quintiles. Frequency ratios and percentage point differences for urban and rural coverage were calculated to give both relative and absolute measures of urban-rural inequality. Wealth inequalities were assessed by visual examination of coverage across wealth quintiles in urban and rural populations and by calculating concentration indices as standard measures of relative wealth related inequality that give an indication of how unevenly a health indicator is distributed across the wealth distribution. RESULTS: Combined MDG coverage in SSA was 20%, and combined basic SDG coverage was 4%; an estimated 921 million people lacked basic SDG coverage. Relative measures of inequality were higher for combined basic SDG coverage than combined MDG coverage, but absolute inequality was lower. Rural combined basic SDG coverage was close to zero in many countries. CONCLUSIONS: Our estimates help to quantify the scale of progress required to achieve universal WASH access in low-income countries, as envisaged under the water and sanitation SDG. Monitoring and reporting changes in the proportion of the national population with access to water, sanitation and hygiene may be useful in focusing WASH policy and investments towards the areas of greatest need

Maxillary expansion in an animal model with light, continuous force

Objectives: Maxillary constriction is routinely addressed with rapid maxillary expansion (RME). However, the heavy forces delivered by most RME appliances to expand the palate may lead to deleterious effects on the teeth and supporting tissues. The objective of this study was to explore a more physiologic maxillary expansion with light continuous force. Materials and Methods: Twenty 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into experimental (EXPT) and control (CTRL) groups. A custom-fabricated archwire expansion appliance made from 0.014-inch copper-nickel-titanium wire was activated 5 mm and bonded to the maxillary molar segments of animals in the EXPT group for 21 days. The force applied to each maxillary segment was 5 cN. Microfocus x-ray computed tomography and histological analyses were used to compare the tooth movement and bone morphology in the midpalatal suture and buccal aspect of the alveolar process between the EXPT and CTRL groups. Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard error of the mean) and nonparametric statistical tests were used to compare the outcomes across groups. Results: Compared to the CTRL group, there was a statistically significant increase in buccal tooth movement and expansion of the midpalatal suture in the EXPT group. There was no difference in the bone morphologic parameters between groups. The mineral apposition rate was increased on the buccal surface of the alveolar process in the EXPT group. Conclusions: Application of light, continuous force resulted in maxillary osseous expansion due to bilateral sutural apposition and buccal drift of the alveolar processes. This animal experiment provides a more physiologic basis for maxillary expansion

The spatial variation of voting behaviour in the 1968 federal election in Toronto as it relates to the spatial distribution of selected socio-economic parameters.

Dept. of Geography. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1972 .B23. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 40-07, page: . Thesis (M.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1972

Creation of Statewide Inventory for INDOT\u27s Retaining Walls

INDOT is implementing its Retaining Wall Inventory Program as part of its Transportation Asset Management Plan. The program was developed in response to observed incidences of deficiencies during construction as well as post-construction performance and maintenance issues. In this session we present the inventory collection process and share thoughts on potential applications of inventory data to improve the methodology for design, construction, and maintenance of retaining walls

A verbális szövegek szövegtana és a nyelvészet II. rész

<p>Rural population coverage of combined SDG indicator by country and wealth quintile, ordered by country mean.</p

Global assessment of exposure to faecal contamination through drinking water based on a systematic review

Objectives: To estimate exposure to faecal contamination through drinking water as indicated by levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) or thermotolerant coliform (TTC) in water sources. Methods: We estimated coverage of different types of drinking water source based on household surveys and censuses using multilevel modelling. Coverage data were combined with water quality studies that assessed E. coli or TTC including those identified by a systematic review (n = 345). Predictive models for the presence and level of contamination of drinking water sources were developed using random effects logistic regression and selected covariates. We assessed sensitivity of estimated exposure to study quality, indicator bacteria and separately considered nationally randomised surveys. Results: We estimate that 1.8 billion people globally use a source of drinking water which suffers from faecal contamination, of these 1.1 billion drink water that is of at least 'moderate' risk (>10 E. coli or TTC per 100 ml). Data from nationally randomised studies suggest that 10% of improved sources may be 'high' risk, containing at least 100 E. coli or TTC per 100 ml. Drinking water is found to be more often contaminated in rural areas (41%, CI: 31%-51%) than in urban areas (12%, CI: 8-18%), and contamination is most prevalent in Africa (53%, CI: 42%-63%) and South-East Asia (35%, CI: 24%-45%). Estimates were not sensitive to the exclusion of low quality studies or restriction to studies reporting E. coli. Conclusions: Microbial contamination is widespread and affects all water source types, including piped supplies. Global burden of disease estimates may have substantially understated the disease burden associated with inadequate water services

Aspects of Immunisation of Calves Against Dictyocaulus viviparus

The studies reported in this thesis were undertaken to explore ways in which an improved vaccine could be developed against the disease caused by the cattle lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus. The current vaccine is a live, non-sterile, oral preparation of x-irradiated larvae, although more recently a gamma-irradiated oral vaccine has been marketed in the Netherlands and the U.K. Each is administered orally in two doses 28 days apart. It was thought that it would be advantageous from the viewpoint of future licensing requirements, if live vaccine could be rendered microbiologically sterile and that certain commercial benefits could be obtained from packaging the vaccine in plastic rather than glass bottles. The first experimental chapter, Chapter Three, deals with the problems of producing a sterile suspension of larvae without harming their viability or infectivity. A suitable means of achieving this was found to be a one hour treatment with a 0.0024% w/v solution of the monosodium salt of 5,5'-Dichloro-2,2'-dihydroxydiphenylmethane (dichlorophen). Chapter Four is concerned with the packaging of vaccine in plastic bottles. The main problem in this respect was that in earlier studies a large proportion of the larvae were found to adhere to the surface of the bottle and in consequence were not delivered to the calf at dosing. However, various newer plastics were examined in the present work and polyethylene tetraphthalate (P. E. T. ) was found to give results comparable to glass. As a stepping-stone towards the use of a killed antigen extract as a vaccine, it was thought possible that, in a two dose vaccine, the initial dose could remain as the current oral preparation and be followed up with an injection of killed larval extract 28 days later. This regime was investigated in Chapter Five and, in the method attempted, gave poor protection against subsequent challenge. Now that it was possible to render the irradiated larvae sterile, it was considered feasible to investigate the immunogenicity of parenterally administered irradiated larvae. The experiments on this aspect are presented in Chapter Six. It was found that subcutaneous administration of two doses of irradiated larvae 4 weeks apart gave 95% protection against experimental challenge. In the concluding experimental chapter, Chapter Seven, the use of sterile, injectable vaccine was further studied and the process of sterilising the larval suspension simplified and refined. In addition, the required evidence of safety, efficacy and sterility was acquired in preparation for an application to be made for a Ministry of Agriculture certificate to permit field testing of this new formulation of bovine lungworm vaccine